瑞典在水污染治理方面的经验

             专访斯德哥尔摩水利公司副总经理布拉特贝尔

                       

四十年前，瑞典首都斯德哥尔摩及其周围美丽的岛屿附近水域都被未经处理的城市污水和工业污水严重污染。但是，40年后的今天，人们无论在瑞典的任何地方，都可以拧开凉水的水龙头，直接饮用凉水，每个瑞典人对此都感到很自豪，来这里开会或旅游的人们，也对此感触颇深，因为如果人们可以直接饮用自来水，就不必花巨资去买瓶装水了，这样，从总体环境效益上讲，政府和个人都省钱，同时，可以减少水运输带来的二氧化碳排放，降低温室效应，真是一举多得。然而，这是40年努力的结果。当今中国正在进行轰轰烈烈的工业化和城市化进程，是否斯德哥尔摩的经验可以提前使用到我们的实践中呢？带着这个想法，我来到斯德哥尔摩水利公司副总经理布拉特贝尔的办公室。

 

布拉特贝尔在水领域工作了35年，在斯德哥尔摩水利公司工作了23年。她对净化水的过程可以说是了如指掌，因为很多标准就是她参与制定的。

                   

                   从源头治理最有效、最省钱

说起污水治理的过程，布拉特贝尔长出一口气，仿佛记忆把她带回40年前。她说             清洁污水是一个综合治理的过程，，而且是一直进行，从不间断的过程，需要很大努力，需要从源头治理。它需要提供准确信息，培养人们的意识，进行能力建设，让所有利益相关者参与并设立有效的机构和机制。这种机构和机制在中央，地区和各个基层单位都要有。

早在上个世纪六十年代，瑞典就制定了长期的环保目标。

1969年，瑞典出台第一部环境法，同年第一个环境法庭也随之成立。政府的目标就是要把污水变成无害的纯净水。政府成立了全国环境保护理事会专门负责制定实现目标的规则。同时，各地区要制定地区环境法规和控制办法。到1990年，这些规定和办法都升格为企业和单位必须执行的行为准则了。

有了行为准则，公司必须到地方政府或环境法庭去申请处理后的污水排放许可。公司必须清楚各项要求，然后改进他们的设备，或建立污水处理厂等，以便他们能达到排放标准。然后，地方政府要及时检测结果并上报污水处理的进展情况。水利公司也要自己检测，并公开公布检测结果。

 

布拉特贝尔说，水污染的一个重要污染源就是工业。那么对工业的要求就是要他们停止排放有害物质和重金属等物质。公司企业需要排放，必须到环境法庭获得许可。同时，水利公司要和各个公司保持良好的合作关系，要和所有的工业部门进行对话，因为一个共同的目标就是不要污染，所以所有有污染源的单位都要进行对话。

 

从1970年开始，斯德哥尔摩水利公司一直有一个专门和工业污染打交道的部门。

“总之，总的目标就是降低，降低，减少，不要向外排放污染物。”布拉特贝尔用她那特有的口音，严肃而又郑重地强调了这个目标。

“因为如果各种有害物质一起混在污水里，我们就没法处理了， 这些有害物质不是残留在处理过的水里，就是流到污泥渣里了。而这两种情况都是不可以接受的，因为处理过的水要放到河湖里面，而污泥要用做农业有机肥料，因为它里面有很多营养物质，例如，有限的资源磷肥，我们需要不断地重复使用它，但如果污泥污染了，就不能用，否则土壤也被污染了。”

 

另一部分工业污水是来自雨水，雨水也需要管理和分别处理。这是一个很不容易的问题因为有时暴雨来临，水量很大。那么就需要把雨水也进行分流，没有污染的雨水可以直接进入河流，而污染的雨水，尤其是马路上有汽车行使的地方，雨水里可能带有象汞一样的有害物质，所以需要处理。如果你让它们都混杂地流到普通污水处理长，那么处理过的水也不安全，污泥渣也有毒，无法用于农业生产。你可能用其他方法来治理，但那样又增加了成本，而且可能还有别的问题。由于污水处理的过程是用细菌和生物分解污水的过程，因此，很多有机物质是可以作肥料的。但如果夹杂金属或有害物质，就无法使用。

 

因此，布拉特贝尔说， “我们的观点是，要想建立长远的可持续发展机制，你必须从源头开始治理不同的有害物质和金属，不要把它们排放到下水道或是普通污水处理厂。工业企业必须把污水处理的费用算到他们的成本里面，因为损害环境是不可接受的。你不能用有毒污染物来毁坏环境，因为环境是人类和自然的源泉，你就是不能破坏它，否则，你就再也不可能有任何纯净的水了。如果河湖里的水被工业污染物污染了，那么你就无法生产出干净的饮用水。 即使你用先进技术净化了，那种代价也实在太高。”

 

她说，另一种污染源是家庭污水。 由于各个家庭在使用工业产品，那么工业产品里边有有害物质。因此，需要不断地教受家庭如何使用或使用何种洗涤灵和清洁剂，以及如果管理家庭中的化学用品，以便减少污染。同时，我们要求工业企业改变他们的产品构成或原材料以便放入更多可以接受的、环保的物质到原材料中去。

 

关于雨水污染源的处理， 很复杂。在斯德哥尔摩的老城区，雨水和家庭污水都走同一个下水道。这样，马路上的水也是很容易污染的，所以我们要求马路上的雨水也要经过处理以后再排入河湖。

                复杂的工程 长期的努力

布拉特贝尔说，污水治理是一个庞大而复杂的工程，需要很长时间，很大努力。

“我强烈建议在城市地区建立各种大规模系统的时候，不要把所有的污染物都混在一起，因为混了没法处理，即使处理了，代价也非常大， 因此，切记要在源头处理，不要混杂排放。普通污水处理厂只是处理可降解的有机物质，磷和氮，但不是用来处理金属或是有害物质的。 这种不可降解的物质将流到水里和污泥里，长此以往，它们就污染土地，或者让鱼吃了，鱼也被毒死了。然后，污染还会向自然界蔓延。向整个生态系统蔓延。这是斯德哥尔摩坚持的原则。当然，我们还是没有找到理想的解决办法。但和30年前相比，情况好多了。污水处理后的污泥渣非常好，我们现在都用它来做肥料。”

 

             有好的水源，就有可直接饮用的自来水

布拉特贝尔说，要想有纯净水喝，前提是要有好的源水，水源没有被工业污染破坏，就可以生产出安全引用水。这就意味着，你不能接受工业或社区任意排放。“这是非常重要的一步。当然，从污水里也可以经过处理得到饮用水，但是，那样会非常昂贵，成本非常高，而且你需要很高的技术，我不建议你们那样做。”

             培养公众意识，年年搞大型宣传活动

布拉特贝尔说，“我们每年都搞大型宣传活动来提高人们关于水的重要性的意识，告诉人们要节约用水，同时要合理使用你的厨房和厕所用水。厕所的水就是用来冲厕所的，淋浴就是用来淋浴的，厨房的水就是用来淘米洗菜刷碗的，而不是用于其他目的，因此，要杜绝往马桶里倒油水，药水或其他化学制剂。因为油污可以使水管堵塞，所以，不要把油倒到水池，要分开。例如在饭店附近，我们就提供一个专门储存脂肪的罐子，到一定时期，罐子满了，由饭店的人负责把它倒到应该倒的地方。同时，我们现在的技术可以把厨房的脂肪和其他有机物一起发酵并将其转化为热能或提纯变成汽车的燃料。”

           金钱买不了自由

当记者问到是否有些公司非法排污，布拉特贝尔说，过去有很多惩处的案例，有些公司轻则罚款，重则负责人入狱。但是，今天这样的坏公司几乎没有了。案例也没那么多了。

“在这里你用金钱买不了自由。你不能说我交罚款就可以继续排污。严重的时候，你可以被判入狱。如果你负责一个工厂，而你不把污染问题当成一件很重要的事情来抓，那你就会面临罚款或是进监狱。”                污水处理与节能降耗相结合

布拉特贝尔说，污水治理和防治是一个不断进行的过程，因为总是有新人。我们在学校也开展了环境教育的课程，孩子们很聪明，他们可以在这方面教育家长。

 

我们花了20多年的时间把河水变清，但是如果你工作很努力，10年之间就可以看到很大变化。我们是一步一步地进行的，每一个步骤我们都看到一些进步，所以我们一直保有信心。

 “在治理水污染的过程中，我们也意识到能源是有限的资源，所以我们必须降低能源消耗使我们的治污能耗降到最低，因此，我们把污泥中的有机物质和生物物质一起发酵，在这个过程中产生沼气，沼气经过加工提纯，可以变成汽车的燃料。经过环境影响评价以后，我们发现还是把生物燃料卖给汽车公司对环境更有好处，于是，我们自己还是使用电力来进行污水处理，但是，在这个过程中，我们可以解决热能问题，并向汽车公司输送生物燃料。” 布拉特贝尔最后说。（人民网驻斯德哥尔摩记者陈雪霏） 

我家门前现在有两棵树, 我只要一抬眼就可以看到树上的鲜花. 树边是马路,马路对面是更大的树,似乎比我们的六层楼的房子还高. 据说原来楼后面的大树也有那么高, 但是,由于害怕对房基产生不利影响, 市政工人硬是用老吊车把大树抓走, 换了一个同样高,但根部很细的树, 当然说细是相对的.

在这样的环境里, 似乎少了许多喧嚣. 但这里又太静,以至于我很害怕声音,我对噪音尤其敏感.时间久了, 我担心自己是否不适合在大风大浪里成长了. 但说到底, 我还是喜欢这种人与自然和谐相处的环境. 给我一点空间和时间, 即使没有太多金钱, 我依然感觉生活还不错.

小的时候, 我家门前也有几个大杨树, 我们总是坐在树下乘凉, 说话. 现在,那里没有树了, 人们也很少在树下乘凉, 或停下来说话.

人们总是忙,忙,忙. 却依然担心, 不知今后的日子怎么办.

我想我们应该留一些资源给我们的子孙. 让他们去开发, 我们没有必要把所有的资源都用尽, 也不应该把所有的河流都污染.因为,留下金钱其实对孩子并没有太大好处, 卡内基说,如果他把金钱都留给后代,那是对他孩子的坑害. 这句话在许多富人身上得到了应验. 人们不必羡慕他们的金钱, 而应该羡慕人家的能力和毅力.

否则, 我们的树没有了, 水没有了, 土地流失了, 我们拿什么留给子孙后代呢.

 

I was so happy to hear what Mr Shady said about China and he said, "I am a friend of China, I like to help China." Since we are friends, I feel a bit that maybe he has said about China too good. I think China was boasting for some time in the 1990s to raise people's morale, but when it is too much and only care about good remarks but not negative ones, I feel it was not good enough.

Many people have a better impression on the current leadership as they care more for the poor and the majority. Not just a small group of people.

I think China indeed needs to pay great attention to environment from the air in the sky to the water in the river and the soil. Contamination and pollution are getting serious in many place and if that trend is not turned, it will be too late to change.

China is a great country, indeed, because of its history, its suffering, its great optimism and its disappointment. It is complex and complicated. Every Chinese feel it is not easy to live in China, yet, it is also interesting to live in China because of all these challenges.

This is the rooted Chinese culture that things are existing in all different ways and there is always different situations due to different backgrounds. Shanghai is different from Beijing and Wuhan is different from Sichuan.

Sometimes they work too hard that in the end, they found they create more problems by doing more than necessary. Sometimes they do the surface job and not serious about what they are doing. There is no unified style.

Although the party is training every year, people have greatly changed their stereotype of mindset and people are more down to earth and they know what is true and what is not.

So it is easy to see people have two faces sometimes. But generally speaking, Chinese people are good in many ways.

And this kind of criticism or pride is all out of our own heart and decided by ourselves. China is freer than people imagine.

"China is a small country", said Aly Shady, President of International Water Resources Association with a smile.

"What did you say?" I can't believe my ears to hear these five words. "You say China is a small country?" "Yes, China is a big country in terms of population, but in terms of resources per capita, China is a very very small country. You people are living in the sky."

He is talking with a smile.

I met him the previous evening when I was attending the Stockholm Water Prize issuing ceremony where the Indian origin water management expert Professor Biswas was presented the prize by the Swedish Crown Princess Victoria. Because Mr Shady also sat by the journalist seat, I had a word with him and he told me that he had been to China many times and involved in China's Three Gorges and Diversion of Water from South to North. I said, "Do you think China's diversion of water from south to north is a good idea?". He said, yes.

Due to the time limit, I made appointment with him 9:30 the next day in front of the registration by the Congress Hall. But due to misunderstanding of the exact time and place, I counld find him. So after 20 minutes, I left. On the way back, I got his phone call and he said he waited for 20 minutes too. I said ok I will be there in 10 minutes. I walked fast so by the time I reached to the Congress Hall, sweat just dropped out of my face and neck. But I was glad that I could make the interview.

Mr. Shady said when you look at China, you have to look at it through the past, present and the future.

"We have expected the current situation in China five years ago. We also predicted five years ago that China will have a huge amount of import of grain and it all happened. But it is a bit different from what we had visioned."

"What we predicted that China will import 20% of its grain from abroad and even think of the quantity and the ships holding it, it will be crowded in China's ports, another picture will be created in China. Think of it, 70 million tens of grain." said Dr. Shady.

"However, it didn't happen as we expected. I mean China  indeed imported 70 million tons of grain, but it seems not many people feel it. China has quietly got the grain from around the world and it was transported to China without disturbing anyone else. Why? Because China has spent cash and paid immediately to the sellors in full. Now China works for 6 hours, and it will be enough for China to buy 20% of its grain supply from around the world. At the same time, Chinese crops have all become cash crops such as orange, banana and others. While I was in Canada, I can buy Chinese fruits."

"China is developing at an unprecedented speed and no one knows what's the reason, it is just a miracle. But I think China is on its right track, there are some mistakes, but there isn't major mistake. Your policies are independent and your people are independenet. Look at Mexico, Malaysia, the Phillipines, and so on, they must listen to America, they don't have their independent policy. This is something the Chinese should be proud of."

I was happy to hear all these too.

"If you look at China, you have to look at the history. Think of the western world and even Japan. China has been invaded and under the war for about 50 years or even longer before your liberation. While the western countries were accumulating wealth from the war, Chinese people were exploited and robbed."

"But with the Communist Party and Mao Zedong and his generation of leaders, they have founded new China. They were not afraid of America or other imperialist, but they were under pressure. China was poor and there were no infrastructure. So you built up some infrastructure while the west was developing much faster throught the past 50-70 years. Japan picked up after the war again. And it experienced the peak time in the 1980s and early 1990s because of its export and trade."

Chinese leaders knew the past war and had a lot of old memories in war, so their mindset was a bit in war time too. That's why you experienced cultural revolution. Many people born in new China didn't know the war and didn't experience the war, but they experience revolution and they wanted to rebel in anything. That in ideology or in thought have liberated Chinese people. They don't have historic burden to carry. So they concentrate on economic development after Deng Xiaoping came to power.

It is a new generation of leaders who know the country's problem and use all their strength to develop.

Some people blame Tiananmen incident in 1989, but I see it as any accident in any country, it is just a small interlude in the long history. Look at the main directions of China. Chinese people have never before been so proud of being a Chinese. Think of the time before 1980s, people don't like to say they are Chinese and Chinese are not well respected in other countries. But now many young people will be proud to say they are Chinese. They don't have any burden in their mind and they have learnt new skill and knowledge and they are eager to put it into practice and what they want to do is to work hard and enjoy life.

Your current leaders have experienced cultural revolution and they know what is good and what is bad, what is right and what is wrong, they are clear in their mind and they have clear goals in their mind too. They are determined to do what they want to do and they don't care what the American say or what others do. This makes them very efficient and make China efficient in development.

So with the liberation of the mindset, China can make its own decisions according to its own reality.

China has a good diplomatic policy and create a good environment for China's development. China tries to make friends with all countries in the world and never makes enemies for themselves.

So I like to say that China has made some small mistakes if it causes environment or social problems, but there is no major mistake.

Problems are unavoidable. If you want to develop, it surely will affect the environment, but if you pay a balance attention, these problems will be solved. And your government knows what they are doing and what problems they have, and with this mindset, they will find ways to correct their mistake.

Ok, so with these backgrounds, we come to see China's social problems. You have the political strength and economic strength, then you will be able to solve the social and environmental problems. The current policy of building new socialist countryside is one of the right ways to solve the social problem.

And as long as you create a dynamic and vital market, the capital and knowledge will naturally move to the area and the problem will be solved.

"As for water diversion, my opinion is if you have the capability to do it, you can do it because you need water, there is no other choice to do it. "

"China is a great country". He is really happy to talk about China and he had good friendly relations with Chinese ambassador in America and Canada and Chinese ministers in water conservancy.

I asked about his history and how he is related to China. Mr Shady told me that he began to know about China in the 1960s when he was just a small boy.

At that time, Chinese premier Zhou Enlai, and Egyptian Presidnet Niheru, they all stood for the developing countries.

Born in 1948, Mr. Shady read a story about Chinese boys reading with their brails being tied up to the roof. He saw a picture which showed that if the boy was sleepy, he would feel the pain from the hair tied to the roof, so he had to be awake all the time and studied dilligently. This was the famous ancient story of "Tou Xuan Liang, Zhui Ci Gu."

Once a Chinese delegation visited Cairo, and Mr Shady went to visit an exhibition about China. He was looking for that picture about the boy reading. After a long time, he was disappointed that he couldn't find that picture. So at the end of the visit, he raised his hand and asked the teacher that he wanted to see that picture. But the teacher thought he would like to see a Chinese in person. So they asked the Chinese delegation and an old lady came to talk with him,saying "ni hao." He learnt how to say Ni hao, meaning hello immediately, but he felt similarly disappointing as he didn't see that boy. The next day, he was famous in the school because he asked the questions and the teacher praised him a lot. From then on, he has always paid attention to things in China and relations with China.

He studied engineering at university and joined the Nile river project. But later, he felt not very happy in Egypt, so he went to study in Canada and then became Canadian citizen. He is working half time for Canadian government and half time for International Water Resources Association based in the US.

So he is communting between the two countries.

To conclude, he said the Chinese people now have a new psychology, and they can take the risk. Young people are easy to take the risk. And you will adjust the policy when necessary, don't fight, but look for opportunity. They understand Europe and US more than Europe and US understand China.

They have a sense of purpose and determination.

He used Napoleon's famous sentence, "China is a sleeping lion, don't wake it up. And when it wakes up, it will shake the world."

What he said 200 years ago, not has almost turned to be true.

Now everybody knows China and some even feel scared. Mr. Shady said it is unavoidable that the west didn't like to see China to rise up too quickly. So no matter the Belgrade Chinese embassy bombing or the airplane incident in Hainan Island, it is all about a test of strength of China and see how you will react. And Chinese leaders stood the test and didn't make any war with anybody. They concentrate on development, it turned out to be right.

If you have any problem, you will find the solution through the development. Continue restructuring whenever necessary.

Talking about energy and water, Mr Shady said you can use market to guide people to use renewable energy and nuclear energy. In the future, or anytime when the technology is very mature,you can use energy to desalinate sea water and that will solve your water problem.

There is mistakes but no major mistake, the Chinese policy is a sound policy and if any problem you can fix it.  

 

Nar Thailands premiarminister Thaksin Shinavatra var i New York pa UN mote, det ar militarkoppen i Thailand. Wolfgang Hansson sa Thaksin Shinawatra gjorde sex fatala misstag som blev hans fall.

1. Osams med kungen

Thaksin hade flera moten med kungen for att losa den politiska krisen fore valen i april. Premiarministern vagrade lyda tydliga vinkar fran kungen om att det kanske var dags att avga. Han forargade ocksa kung Bhumibol nar han forsokte stjala rampljuset nar kungen firade 60 ar vid makten. Thaksin brot mot traditionen och halsade pa besokande monarker och ledare fore kungen. Respektlosheten mot kungen retade manga thalandare.

2. Utnyttjade sin post for att berika sig sjalv.

I slutet av januari salde Thaksins familj aktierna i sitt telecomforetag. Kritiken var tvadelad. Manga upprordes av att foretaget soldes till en utlandsk kopare fran Singapore. Matemask. Nya regering eller court ska investigate det.

3. Maktfullkomlighet

Thaksin drog at tumskruvarna pa media, anvande korruption for att fa stod och satta domokratin ur spel.

4. Misslyckades kvasa det muslimska upproret.

Sedan tva ar har sjalv standighetsrorelsen i sodra Thailand ater blivit mycket aktiv. Dagligen dodas ock skadas manniskor i bombdad och rena avrattningar. Thaksin har trots hardhanta forsok inte lyckats stop pa valdet.

5, Litade for mycket pa stodet fran landsbygden.

Thaksin har sitt stora stod i landsbygdsbefolkningen. Men i staderna vande sig folk emot honom.

6. Hoppade av utan att hoppa av.

Efter valet i april gick Thaksin motvilligt med pa att avga. Met trots att valet ogiltigforklarades tog han senare over med en expeditionsministar och lat forsta att han skulle lata nagon av sina fortrogna stalla upp i nyvalet senare i ar. Lika med fortsatta styra, men bakom kulisserna.

 

 

 

 

 

Om studera att sprak, jag har mycket att beratta. Jar har studerat engeska, franska, lite tyska och svenska. Jar studerade engeska nar jar var gradier 6, och 14 ar. Men darefter min skolan var pa en omrade som var inte bra i utveckling, min engeska var inte sa bra.

Nar jag gick till gymnasium, jag tykte om engeska eftersom vi hade en bra larare. Han ar humoristisk. Var bok hade mycket bra humoresk. Da bodde jag pa skolan. Det fanns 28 personer i ett rum. Rummet hade fyra storast bed. 7 personer sov i en bed. Vi hade en furnace i mitten av rummet. I vinter var det mycket kallt. Jag hade en flask av het vatten.

Jar studerade engelska vardag morgonen. Jar steg upp kl halv sex och sprang halv timmer. Fran kl 6 till 7:30 kunde jag studera engeska all tid. Jar studerade grammartik, verb, ord och forstar texten. Jag kommer ihag min larare kom till klassrummet vardag morgonen ocksa.

Efter 2 ar, min engeska sag mest progress. Jag tykte om engeska. Jag fragade min larare, kan jag studera engeska for min universitet. "Javisst." sa han. Jag var glad att han sa det.

Jag amalade engeska. Jag minns att vi akte till Jinzhou och satt test av talar engeska. Det var om Robinson Crueso pa o. Jag laste en text och jar svarade nagot fragor. Jag sa, "Ar jag succee?" . Lararen skrattade och svarade, "Du ska vete nar du gar tillbaka er skolan."

Min larare berattade det till min kinesiska larare Yang. Yang sa i klass, "Xuefei kan fragar pa test, hon ar hoppaful och ska ha viktig job." Jag kommer ihag det nu. Jag vill tacka de. De larade mig mycket. De var bra larare.

 

Some Japanese said Abe is not that kind of person who can go down on his knees. So they doubt that Abe will take measures to improve relations between China and Japan.

I think to improve relations with China doesn't mean he goes down on his knees. On the contrary, it shows he is a person who is honest with history and with reality.

To improve relations with China, Japanese leader needs to stop visiting the shrine where war criminals are held.

Japan also needs to admit that the second world war indeed took place in the 1940s and Japan indeed invaded China for 14 years and brought about great suffering to the Chinese people. Honestly admitting this history will mean that he is a gentleman who can face the history and then he can deal with the present and the future.

The history is history and can't be changed, but the future can be shaped by people's vision. Judging from his charactor, I think Abe can make a wise choice by taking the concrete step to talk with the Chinese leaders. That doesn't mean he doesn't respect his people or his ancestor because his ancestors have made some mistakes.

By improving relations with China, it will help build a better Asia and a better world. Chinese  leaders are also sincere leaders and their goal is great goals of improving world harmony by building a harmonious society in China with both market economy and macro control measures.

I believe Abe will take positive measures in turning the Sino-Japanese relations into a normal and friendly situation. Currently the chilly situation is not good for any one. And it just needs a wise leader who has a good personality and great vision to do some practical things.

I don't think he will be overthrown because he improved Sino-Japanese relations.  Of course, I haven't met him and didn't know him, so we have to wait and see.

亚行行长黑田东彦(Haruhiko Kuroda)在雅加达会议上提交一份讨论稿说，在未来10年里，亚洲需要在基础设施方面投入3万亿美元——或者说，每年投入3000亿美元。

黑田东彦昨日向英国《金融时报》表示，如果亚洲想推动进一步增长，基础设施方面的巨大投资是至关重要的。报告表示，“尽管存在巨大的机遇和需求”，但亚洲国家政府未能给私人投资者提供足够“有充分财务吸引力的”项目，以确保基础设施项目获得成功。

本人认为中国的基础设施是应该继续加大投入。但是，为何由于基础设施投入而导致经济有些过热呢？这是因为投资没有对路．比如大家以为能源挣钱，就拼命地都投能源，那么，很快按照中国人的大干快上尽头，重复建设的情况时有发生．其实，在许多农村地区的基础设施实在太差．不用说别的，就说公路吧．从锦州市到我们地藏寺，尽管十年前就修了板油马路，但是，由于资金不足或者层层盘剥，最后到路上的资金就造成了马路刚修完不久，就出现了坑坑哇哇．这种工程质量其实也是一种资源浪费．因为再过一段时间你还需要不断地修补．　

如果说国内物流偏贵，占总产值１８％，而美国１０％，　这也是事实．本来，２００２年我是想去海南旅游一下，结果，我一打听，往返机票要３０００多．后来我问去落三机或吓唯一的机票也不到４０００元．于是我打定主意要去美国玩一趟．尽管最后我花了８０００多，但是，我走了两三个城市而且是大约３周的时间．因此，相比之下，我们的物流成本是比较高．

而政府应该在这方面加以宏观调空，主要目的在于为社会提供良好的基础设施和服务．让所有的人都能享受到其中的好处．

前两天读的关于政府投资医疗和社会保证的建议，我觉得也有道理．我们应该理解，以前的大锅饭走不通，但是，如果完全让老百姓自谋生路，也会出现问题，尤其是在恶性竞争的情况下，以及在贫富两极分化的情况下，必须有政府出面，理直气壮地调节贫富差距．这样会增加社会的稳定性．否则，人们的心态总是动荡的．就会失去应有的价值观和伦理道德．而失去伦理道德的社会就会变得不安全，恶性事件就会层出不穷．因此，避免这种现象发生，就需要不断地调查研究，综合考虑问题，确定好方向，然后，在前进中不断调整小的错误或失误．力求总体上是向良性循环．

Jag borgar att tycker om svenska. Jag startade studera svenska den 24 April. Nu har jag studerat fem manader. Jag kan tala lite och jag kan skriva lite och jag kan lasa lite ocksa.

Jag arbetar pa morgonen vardag fran mandag till fredag, och jag studerar eftermiddag fran mandag till torsdag vardag. Jag arbetar fran 8 till 11:30. Sedan har jag en paus. Jag ater lunch kl 12:15. Jag aker till skolan med tunnelbanan. Jag promenerar fran hem till stationen St Eriksplan. Jag tar tunnelbana dar. Efter 10 minuter ankommer jag till Skanstull. Jag stiger av tunnelbanan och gar till skolan. Det ar nara, jag bara promenarar 3 minuter forbi seven-eleven och ankommer jag till classrummet kl 1.

Min lararer heter Ingrid och Metta. De are bra. Jag studerar mellan kl1 ock kl3. Larare larar oss for 2 timmer. Seden har vi en halv timme paus. Kl 3:30 ska vi studerare sjalva i klassrummet eller i datorrummet. Datorrummet ar mycket bra. Det finns manga fin programm och vi kan lyssna, lasa och skriva om vi vill.

Kl 5 eller 5:30 ska vi gar hem. Alya ar fran Etiopien. Hon ar fin flickar. Jag ar glad att blir hennes van. Vi talar svenska ibland. Hon, Ulku och Hussein ar sent an oss, men de talar mer or battre an oss. Det ar roligt att vi har vanner fran alla valden. Maria och Guldana talar bra ocksa.

Jag ska ha annan test i oktober och jag ska besluta eller det behover vara beslutat per Ingrid och Metta om jag kan ga uppe och studerar mer. Jag maste tala svenska och mer viktig, jag kan forsta. Ibland nar man talar snabbt, kan jag into forsta. Jag maste studera mer, plugga mer och lasa mer.

Jag maste prova och prata med min pojkvan och annant personer. Jag maste ha manga vanner sa jag kan tala svenska med. Jag kanner mycket bra i sverige.

Jag tycker om landet. Varfor? Darfor den har ar ett vacket land. Det finns mycket sjo och skogan. Det finns berg ocksa och man kan ski i vinter. Vinter kan vara kallt, men eftersom det finns atlantic havet, det ar inte mycket kallt. Jag tycker min hem norraoster kina ar mer kallt.

Manniskor i sverige ar civil och bra. De ar modest och har bra ide for equality. Kvinnor och man ar samma. De arbetar mycket ocksa som har arbete.

Det finns manga bilarna i sverige, men manga manniskor borgar att ta tag och tunnelbana till jobbet. Det finns environmentally friendly bilar ocksa.

Jag tycker det har ar bra landet. Det finns tre stader i sverige: Stockholm som ar huvudstad, Gotborg och Malmo. Gotland ar storast o i sverige. Jag har gott dar tva gangar.

 

As we entered the 21st century, I found many horses came to power. Japanese new Prime Minister Abe is born in 1954 and is a horse star. And if you look carefull, Chinese president and Premier both were born in 1942 and I guess they were also horses in birth star. I was also born in the horse year 1966, thus I like people who were born in the year of horse. Why? Because they are the one who works hard and they are the one who are wise, have independent thinking and walk in front all the time. They are the good leaders and vanguards in whatever they do.

I expect a turning point will come between China and Japan too after Koizume goes away.  It is such a good news that we have these people working for us. I feel it's great to have these people as our leaders, at least they are not so selfish.

 

中国学生获得斯德哥尔摩青少年水奖

	2006年08月23日13:28	【字号 大 中 小】【留言】【论坛】【打印】【关闭】

王昊、翁杰和肖逸在展台前 　　人民网斯德哥尔摩8月22日电　记者陈雪霏报道：上海南洋模范中学的三名学生王昊、翁杰和肖逸22日在此间举行的斯德哥尔摩国际水周上获得“斯德哥尔摩青少年水奖”。他们是从来自27个国家的优胜选手中评出的最佳选手。奖励包括5000美元奖金， 获奖证书和一个蓝色水晶雕刻奖品。 　　瑞典王国的维多利亚公主亲自出席并为他们颁奖。 　　中国的参赛选手从“城市前置库工程”的概念出发探究了几项可行的治理方法。这个概念包括挡、吸、捞、灌、淋几个步骤的工艺流程。他们设计并改进了几种方法、设备和技术，其中的四项发明已经在2006年申请了专利。在漕溪河进行的测试表明，这些整合了综合技术的新思路已经能够在改善水质方面发挥充分的积极影响。以前黑臭的河水经过处理后变得清澈，主要指标已接近或优于国家地表水IV类水标准。这个技术提供了一种高效率低成本的生态治理方案，可用于改善中小型城市河道的水质并恢复其自净能力。 　　在此参加会议的国家环保局宣教中心副主任贾峰说，中国学生获得水奖有十分重要的意义。“首先，它表明国内国际都鼓励中学生在环保方面的创新精神，其次，这对中国的广大青少年是个莫大的鼓舞，让人们知道做环境项目也可以获国际大奖，对学生个人的未来发展有好处，中国的重点院校清华北大都希望破格录取这些学生。这对中国的环保事业十分有好处，中国十分需要这方面的人才。” 　　斯德哥尔摩国际水协会主席拉尔松对学生获奖表示祝贺。他说，“他们之所以获此殊荣是因为他们关心自己家乡的河流污染问题，他们的清洁方案很实际，很周密，因此，实施效果很好。而且他们的技术经验可以运用于其他许多河流的污染治理，具有示范作用。” 　　评委会的结论是“来自上海南洋模范中学的中国队在使用低成本、生态友好型技术，恢复城市污染河流方面展示了创新、灵活和坚韧不拔的精神。……这种实施方案为拥有1900万人口（包括流动人口）的上海的许多其他河流的生态修复提供了成功的希望。” 　　斯德哥尔摩青少年水奖旨在培养青少年对水与环境问题的兴趣，每年颁发给由青少年个人或小组完成的有关水的研究项目，从而激发他们继续致力于水和环境事业的动力。今年已是第九次举办该项比赛。 　　今年新增的两个奖项分别由日本的三个女生和斯里兰卡的三名女生获得。她们的项目是节水种植水稻。 　　此项竞赛由斯德哥尔摩国际水协会主办，由ITT公司提供全球赞助。

  The lessons of the Huaihe River water pollution

After ten years of treatment and billions of dollars being spent, the water in the Huaihe River area is still dead black. Why did the goal of treating water pollution fail?

“Because it’s not that easy, people underestimated the mounting task of turning the black water clear and set an unpractical goal in the short term.”  said Jia Feng, vice director of the Center for Environmental Education and Communication of the State  Environmental  Protection Administration of China.

“To pollute the rivers just took a few years or a few days, but to turn the river clean will take more than a decade to complete.” Jia Feng said during an interview with me at Stockholm Water Week.

 

This is exactly what has happened in the Huaihe River basin which is the third largest river in China, also known as the hardest to harness river with numerous tributaries and feeds 170 million people in four provinces including Henan, Shandong, Anhui and Jiangsu in East China.

As Qian Min, director of the Huaihe River Commission of the Ministry of Water Resources of China led a delegation of water experts to have visited the Swedish International Water Institute, I got a chance to have an interview with him.

 

Being in charge of water conservancy, disaster reduction, water resources distribution and management as well as water quality supervision, Qian Min said according to their supervision, the water pollutant discharge in the Huaihe River basin is reducing after the issuance of the Water Pollution Prevention and Treatment Law and relevant regulations by the central government. Water treatment facilities have been installing. The water treatment job is going on, the water quality in the trunk part of the river has improved, but the tributaries will take much longer time to make them totally clean and safe.

 

“We thought we shouldn’t walk on the wrong road many western countries have walked, we thought we could have a shortcut way, but it seems that we didn’t avoid it. The lesson needs to be drawn. ” Qian Min said.

 

Talking about the lessons, Qian Min said it is extremely difficult considering China’s population pressure and economic development requirement. “The Huaihe River Basin has an area equivalent to Finland, but they only have 5.2 million people while we have 170 million. The local industries included food processing, leather processing, paper making and other labor intensive enterprises. Due to low profit, if they treated the polluted water, they would not have any profit.” Qian Min analyzed.

 

But the price of pollution is very high. According to Xinhua reports, some towns had booming business 10 years ago, but two years ago, due to the deadly polluted water, the reporters found that many people had left the place and the town became dead, only a few people from other provinces stayed there. The boom was short and detrimental.

Qian Min said the major lessons are: first, the GDP target makes local officials think of economic development only and neglect the environment protection. This resulted the government to buy the bill, but in the end, it is the local people who are suffering from the severe pollution. According to Xinhua reports, almost all the tributaries of the Huaihe River don’t have any fish or anything alive. 70% of the water quality is under class V, in other words, very poisonous and can not be used for any purpose.

 

Thus Qian Min said that it is right that the central government has recently attached Green GDP to  officials political merits. This will contain the trend of blindly paying attention to economy at the sacrifice of environment.

 

Secondly, the environmental sector in local government has no power to prevent factories from discharging polluted water without any treatment. Thus the central government recently sent out independent supervision teams to check the pollution situation and get accurate facts so that proper measures can be taken.

 

Thirdly, with the central government’s policy of developing rural areas, priority is set on village level, but at the township and county level, the budget is still so tight that they have to think of making more money for themselves instead of only functioning as the public service sector. Part of the reasons is that the water fee is too low and not enough to stimulate people to save water or use the fee to provide better public facility.

 

Director Qian Min said water pollution is one type of the serious pollutions in the area, the other one is the soil pollution, large scale use of chemical fertilizers, pesticides, plastics, daily waste or garbage have also contaminated the soil. And this kind of pollution will be in the long run affecting people’s health and life expectancy.

 

Although the central government has organized ministries of water, land, health and construction to deal with the safe drinking water issue and help the local people to dig deeper wells in order to have safe drinking water, the situation of having a big river in front but having not enough clean water to drink has not changed.

 

He suggests more efforts are needed to treat the pollution from the source and the government at various levels should really strictly implement policies and obey the laws to ensure their effectiveness. There should also be economic policies to stimulate enterprises to treat waste water before discharging it. Without the central government’s great attention and the great coordination and cooperation among all the provinces, cities and towns, as well as different sectors, upper and lower reaches, the pollution problems are hard to be solved.

 

“We made great efforts to harness the floods in the Huaihe River, now the flood is less, but the pollution is more harmful.” said Qian Min.

 “As we see the experiences here in the west, there is no shortcut, we have to really seriously pay attention to environment protection while developing our economy, it is a cost we have to pay, otherwise, the environment we are living in or the water we rely on will not support us any more, then our economy won’t be sustainable.”

By Chen Xuefei, People’s Daily Online Correspondent in Stockholm.

  

China shouldn’t take the way of polluting environment first and then treating it

“China can’t take the way of polluting first and then treating it.” says Jia Feng, deputy director of the Center for Environmental Education and Communications of State Environmental Protection Administration of China while accepting an exclusive interview by the People’s Daily Online correspondent in Stockholm.

 

Jia Feng explains that the western countries took the way of polluting first and then treating it for half a century or even longer. After paying a great price in people’s health or even people’s life and the loss of economic and ecological system, the environment has been improved. But China’s situation is very different. Industrialization process in developed countries have lasted over 100 or even 200 years and their environmental issue came through a longer period of time which gave them time to solve it step by step. But these problems cry out in China only within 20 years. The total quantity of pollutant discharge is huge and the industrial pollution is very complicated with all different types.

 

“If we choose the western way, I’m afraid that we have neither time nor conditions, maybe before the highest pollutants are discharged, the ecological system that shoulders economic development will be crashed, then how can we have sustainable development? Other social issues brought about by environment issue may also threat our national sustainability.” says Mr. Jia.

 

China faces severe water scarcity and pollution. About 300 million farmers don’t have clean drinking water; two-thirds of the cities lack water, one-sixth of the city have severe shortage of water. 60% of the seven large rivers in China have water quality problem rating below grade 4. If the water pollution is not solved timely, there will be really the phenomena that we have a lot of rivers, but have no clean drinking water.

 

Jia Feng say in recent two years, the environmental protection issue has got unprecedented attention, chances and challenges coexist. From political perspective, the central government has paid unprecedented attention to environment. This is a valuable historic opportunity. At the press conference during the National People’s Congress annual conference in March, Premier Wen Jiabao said “environmental target is one of the targets that we haven’t fulfilled”. According to the tenth-five year plan, China’s major pollutants discharge should have reduced by 10% on the basis of 2000. But the fact is that some major pollutants such as SO2 has increased about 27% on the basis of 2000 while the COD discharge in water only reduced 2% compared with the goal of reducing 10%.

 

Since the end of last year, the central government has taken a series of measures in dealing with the issue. The politburo of the central committee of the Communist Party of China heard the environment report at the end of last year. Early this year, the State Council issued a decision on strengthening environmental protection followed by a series of environmental protection conferences. A regulation on violation of environment protection laws were also issued by the Ministry of Supervision and the State Environment Protection Administration or SEPA.

 

With the authorization of the State Council, the SEPA has signed contracts with 7 provincial governments and six large power enterprises including Huaneng in reduction of SO2 discharge and with 9 provinces in reduction of water pollutants.

 

Currently there are also many technical methods to supervise the national environmental quality. Taking water as an example, a total of 750 national supervision stations have been established and 80 of them can send data to China Environment Supervision Station through satellites or other methods. In order to comprehensively and timely supervise environment and disaster prediction, China will launch satellites on environmental supervision and disaster prediction later next year.

 

Jia Feng says he has worked in environmental protection sector for nearly 20 years. He has felt the attention paid by the central government. This year marks the largest investment in environmental sectors by the government. In addition to investment, 200 extra positions are added in environmental protection sector for environmental supervision in five regions and six supervision centers for nuclear and radiation security impact.

 

Jia Feng held that the current estimation of cost on public resources is so low that some enterprises and individuals ignore the conservation of energy and resources. “Judging from cultural tradition, Chinese people are the most thrifty people. But the current low efficiency or even waste in resource utilization and high energy consumption per GDP unit is the result of low price of resources, in addition to awareness and technical reasons.”

 

With the political will, there is a need of scientific innovation to realize environmental protection targets. Three Chinese students from Shanghai Nanyang Model School recently won the Stockholm Junior Water Prize. This event can be seen as a great encouragement for young people to devote themselves to water treatment and keep water clean. In addition to using advanced water treatment equipment, taking ecological and biological methods to improve the water ecological system will be the best method to treat water pollution, but the precondition is that there will be no new pollutants discharged to rivers or lakes.

 

Statistics show that China’s GDP growth rate has surpassed 10% in the first half of this year. The partial overheat of economy continues to bring great pressure on environment protection. “The 11^th five year plan target is to reduce the pollutants discharge by10% by 2010 on the basis of 2005. But the fact is that in the first half of this year, the pollutants was still on the increase. The SO2 and COD discharge increased 4.2% and 3.7% respectively. Although the strong political will from the central government has provided unprecedented opportunities, it is still a big challenge to complete the 11^th five year plan target in environment protection.” Jia Feng worried about it.

 

He said that it is very important to improve enterprises’ and people’s environmental protection awareness. “People should understand that to pollute a river takes a year or two or even a few days, but to clean a polluted river will need a whole generation or even several generations to complete.”

By Chen Xuefei People’s Daily Online correspondent  (xuefeic@yahoo.com)

 

  中国环境的改善需要一代人、甚至几代人的努力

                                   陈雪霏

“中国没有‘先污染，后治理’的资本”。国家环保局宣教中心副主任贾峰在接受人民网记者采访时这样说。

贾峰进一步解释说，“西方发达国家走的是先污染，后治理的道路，历时半个世纪甚至更长，在付出了民众的健康损害甚至生命代价以及经济和生态系统的惨重损失后环境终将改善。但是，中国的国情与西方发达国家有极大的不同，发达国家在工业化过程的一两百年中分期产生、分期解决的环境问题，在我国近20年中得以集中体现，污染物的排放总量大，工业污染结构日趋复杂。呈现出结构型、复合型、压缩型的特点。

“我们如果要选择走先污染后治理的道路，恐怕即没有时间，也没有条件。在污染物理论最高排放值出现之前，承载经济发展的生态系统可能就崩溃了，那经济是否还能继续发展也就可想而知，其所带来的一系列社会问题甚至会威胁到民族的生存和延续。”

     

调查显示，中国的水问题十分严重，三亿农民没有洁净的水喝。有三分之二的城市缺水，有六分之一的城市严重缺水，七大江河近60%的监测断面的水质低于4级。中国的水资源短缺和水污染问题非常严重。如果不认真切实治理水污染问题，守着江河没水喝将会成为普遍的现象。

贾峰说，“近一两年来环境保护得到前所未有的重视，机遇和挑战并存。从政治层面来说，中央对环境问题的重视，从来没有象现在这样，这应该说是难得的历史机遇。今年两会结束的时候，温家宝总理在答记者问讲‘环境指标是“十五”我们没有完成的指标之一’。按照十五的要求，主要污染物的排放量要在2000年的基础上减少10%。而实际情况却是，一些主要的污染物，比如说二氧化硫，比2000年增加了约27% ；与2000年相比，2005年污水排放中的COD（化学需氧量）仅减少2％，也未实现减少10％的目标。”

他说，去年以来，中央围绕环保可以说动作连连，去年中央政治局专门听取环保汇报，今年初，国务院发布了关于加强环境保护的决定，四月份召开了第六次全国环保大会，八月召开了全国环保科技大会。为强化对国家工作人员环境保护违法违纪行为的追究力度，2月下旬监察部会同国家环保总局发布《环境保护违法违纪行为处分暂行规定》。

经国务院授权，最近国家环保总局与山东等七省政府和华能等六大电力企业签订了二氧化硫总量削减目标责任书，与河北等九省(自治区)政府签订水污染物总量削减目标责任书。　现在国家也增加了许多技术手段来监测全国的环境质量。比如仅水质监测就建立了750多个国控监测站（点），其中有80多个监测站（点）的监测数据可以实时通过卫星或有线方式直接传送至中国环境监测总站。为更全面和及时进行环境监测与灾害预报，我国将于2007年下半年首次发射环境与灾害监测预报小卫星。

贾峰说，他在环保部门工作近20年，他深刻体会到现在中央对环保问题的重视。今年也是国家对环保部门投入最多的一年。除了资金以外， 还批准国家环保总局设立华东、华南、西北、西南、东北五个环境保护督查中心以及上海、广东、四川、北方、东北、西北六个核与辐射安全监督站，增加了200多个编制。

 

贾峰认为，政策上对公共资源的成本价格估算依然过低，这也是造成企业和个人忽视节约能源和资源的主要原因。从文化渊源上讲，中国人是最讲究勤俭节约的，之所以在现实生活和生产中资源利用效率过低，除了意识和技术的原因外，资源定价过低是导致资源浪费尤其是单位GDP能耗过高的直接原因。

贾峰认为，有了政治意愿，还需要科技创新来实现环保的目标。最近在斯德哥尔摩世界水周期间中国学生获得国际青少年水奖是对青少年在水污染治理方面的鼓励和鞭策。除了利用先进的水污染处理设备以外，充分利用水体的生态修复功能是“多快好省”解决水污染问题的良策，当然不增加新的污染排放是前提。

 统计表明中国经济上半年继续快速发展，GDP增速超过10％，经济的“局部过热”给环境保护带来了更大的压力。“我们‘十一五’的计划目标是，到2010年主要污染物在2005年的基础上减少10%。但实际情况是，今年上半年主要污染物不仅没有削减，反而有所增加。二氧化硫排放量和化学需氧量排放量分别上升4．2％和3．7％。尽管中央解决环境问题的强烈政治意愿为环保工作提供了前所未有的机遇，但‘十一五’计划能否如期完成，真的是极大的挑战”。贾峰忧虑地说。 

贾峰说，加强人们的环保意识非常重要。人们应该明白，污染一条河流长则一、二年短则可能只需几天。但是，要想消除污染，还清水于河湖，恐怕需要一代人，甚至几代人的努力方能完成。

   

http://english.people.com.cn/200609/20/eng20060920_304506.html

http://english.people.com.cn/200609/07/eng20060907_300598.html

http://english.people.com.cn/200608/30/eng20060830_297964.html

     Stockholm’s experiences in “Cleaning Water”   An exclusive interview with Gunilla Brattberg, deputy managing director of Stockholm Water Over 40 years ago, the waters surrounding Stockholm and the beautiful archipelago were heavily polluted by discharges of untreated waste water from the city and industry. Today, people are so impressed by its clean water in the city as well as the drinkable tap water wherever you are in Sweden. To understand the changing process, I interviewed Gunilla Brattberg, deputy managing director of Stockholm Water in her office.  Gunilla Brattberg has worked in the water field for over 35 years and in the Stockholm Water company for 23 years. She knows almost every step Stockholm has taken to make water clean and keep and develop good drinkable tap water wherever you are. As China is in its industrialization process, there will be some lessons to take from the Swedish experiences in keeping water clean. Reporter: What measures have you taken and how did you make the change in water? Brattberg: To clean water is a comprehensive, integrated and ongoing process never completed.  It needs a lot of efforts and you must treat industrial waste water separately at the source. It’s a long process of providing information, awareness building, capacity building and all different stakeholders’ participation and effective institutions in Sweden. I mean we have the institutions at the national level, the regional level and the local level. Since many years ago, there have been long term national environmental goals.            One of the very important sources of pollution is from industry. Then the requirements on industry has been set concerning the toxic substances, heavy metals and so on. Industry has to go to the environment court to get permit for their discharge. Stockholm Water also put requirements on industry while keeping good cooperation with them, having dialogue with all kinds of industries because the common aim is NOT TO POLLUTE. So all different pollution sources must be engaged.  Since 1970, Stockholm Water has always had a specific unit who works all the time with industrial pollution and the overall aim is to decrease , decrease and decrease , don’t send the pollutants to the sewage treatment plant because we can’t take it away in this mixed polluted water. Either you find it in the treated water or you find the heavy metals in the sludge. And both are not acceptable because the treated water goes out to the archipelago, the receiving water and the sludge should be used as fertilizer on farmland as it has good nutrient composition; and phosphors is a limited resources in the long run. So you need to use it once and once again. But you can’t do that if your sludge is polluted. In the treatment process, you work with biological and chemical treatment, and you get a lot of sludge composed by biological bacteria mass and flocculated pollutants. As for industrial waste water, storm water also needs to be managed and treated separately. That is a tricky problem because it can be huge amounts of water in a very short time. You may classify the storm water and treat the most heavily polluted. Industry needs to take away the toxic substance too, they should treat it at the source, not to send it to the sewage treatment plant. They are not allowed to send for example the mercury or different organic pollutants to the sewage plant. If you accept all those different kinds of sources to the sewage treatment plant, then you pollute the receiving waters with toxic substances of different kinds, and you pollute the sludge so you can’t use it as fertilizer, then you have to take care of it in the other way, perhaps by incineration, but you can get problem during the incineration process too.  So it is our opinion to build a sustainable system solution in the long run, you have to treat different toxic substances and metals at the source, and not discharge them into the sewage and the sewage treatment plant. Industry must take the cost of treating waste water because it is unacceptable to destroy the environment. You can’t destroy the environment with the toxic pollutants. The environment is the source for man and nature, you can’t destroy it because otherwise you can’t have any clean water any more. And you can’t produce drinking water if you pollute it with industrial pollutants, then it is not possible or very expensive to produce drinking water.  In 1969, the first environmental law was issued and the first environmental court was established. The aim of having clean water was initiated from the government. And the national environment protection board was formed to realize what was decided at the governmental level and produce tools for realizing the goal. Then at county level, regional authority and institution made the regional environmental regulations and the control. And about 1990, the environment protection law was developed into the environmental code, which is much more severe than the previous law.With the code, companies must get permits either from regional authority or from the  environmental court to discharge their treated waste water. The company must be familiar with the requirements and then reconstruct their utility, treatment plants and so on, so that they can reach that requirement at that time. Then the local authority has to check what needs to be done and what has been done. They would measure the results and gave a monthly and yearly report to see how successful the water has been cleaned. The utility is also responsible for its own check and control and to inform openly about the results.     And then the households, they use a lot of products that the industry has produced, so the products also contain toxic substances. That is an ongoing work to teach households what kinds of detergents they should use and how they should manage household chemicals so on to pollute as less as possible. And we put requirements to the industry to change the components in their products into more acceptable and environmental friendly substances or resources. The third source, which is very complicated, is the storm water. And in the old part of Stockholm, the storm water and the waste water from households come from the same household sewer, then you have big problems to avoid the toxic substance from traffic into the sewage plant, therefore, we put requirements on treatment of heavily polluted traffic water, so water from roads where you have more than a number of cars everyday , has to be treated before going out in the sewer to the treatment plant. It’s a big job and takes a long timeI would strongly recommend when you build up big scale system for an urban area, don’t mix all different kinds of pollutants, because it is impossible to treat at the end all those different kinds of components, it is not possible. Even if it is technically possible, it is tremendous expensive. Don’t mix, treat at the source. The sewage treatment plant is built for treatment of degradable organic material, phosphor and nitrogen, but it is not built for taking care of metals and toxic compounds that are not degradable at all. Such compounds ends up in the treated waste water or in the sludge and make them both toxic. The sludge can not be used as fertilizer in agriculture and the treated waste water discharged to the  receiving water will poison the fishes here and fauna and then you have a spread-out of pollutants in nature. At the source, you treat it. Polluters take responsibility to treat pollution, you can’t discharge it without treatment. Industry must remember that one of the production cost is the waste and water treatment. Otherwise, in the long run you can get tremendous problem, you cannot get rid of it. They will accumulate in the water and in the sediments and so on, and you will find it in fish in the whole ecosystem. So that is the principle we use in Stockholm. And of course we still don’t have an ideal solution. We don’t have, but it is much better than 30 years ago. The quality of the sludge is so good that we can use it today and you are permitted to use it as fertilizer.  Reporter: For the drinking tap water, how did you realize this? Brattberg: The first prerequisite is that the raw water source is not destroyed by pollutants. This means that you don’t accept industry or communities to discharge whatever they want, that’s the first and most important step. With good quality raw water, it is possible to get good quality drinking water.It is possible to get drinkable water from the waste water too, but it is much more expensive and costly. And you need high technological methods too, it is technically possible to make drinking water from waste water, but it is expensive, and I will not recommend it as a common solution.  Reporter: I heard you had great public awareness campaign on clean water, how was it? Brattberg: Yes, we have campaigns every year to build up people’s awareness about the importance of water and to save water and not use the toilet or the sewage system in your house for anything but what is built for, for hygiene, for washing up in the kitchen, for shower, and for the toilet, for urine and feases and paper but nothing else, no oil in the system, no medical draining into the system, no chemical products of different kinds. You should take care of it at the source. Reporter: You can treat the oil or fat in the kitchen for heating purpose, right? Brattberg: Yes, we can take care of oil. But the fat can clog the sewer, so you have to have a special care. For example near a restaurant, you have a container connected to the sewer to take fat, after some time you take it to the fermentation step in the sewage treatment plant for treatment, it is the restaurant’s duty to take it. Reporter: Is there any punishment if companies discharge waste water without treatment?  Brattberg: Yes, there is punishment, we have a lot of such cases during the years. There have been many companies who faced punishment and they were punished as severe as to pay for fine or in the worst case go to prison. But today there isn’t so many. Reporter: Some company might challenge the law. Is the fine serious? Brattberg: Here you can’t buy yourself free. You can’t say you pay and then you continue to pollute. You can go to prison in the worst case. If you are responsible for a factory and you don’t find it important, then you can end up in paying for fine or in prison. Reporter: It is an ongoing process, isn’t it? Brattberg: Yes, there is always new people. We have education at school and children are clever and they can educate their parents.  It takes about 20 years to turn the river water clean, but if you work really hard, it will happen a lot during the first ten years. We have taken steps to do it and each step we see some progress. And we also know that we have limited energy and have to reduce the use of energy and make the treatment processes more effective. For example, in sludge there is a lot of organic material and biomass, therefore we ferment it, and in the fermentation process, you get methane gas that can be upgraded and used as fuel for buses and cars. It is important to use such products in the most sustainable way . Environmental impact assessment and sustainability analysis are useful tools for decision making. Reporter: Thank you very much.  By Chen Xuefei, People’s Daily Online correspondent in Stockholm    

瑞典在水污染治理方面的经验

             专访斯德哥尔摩水利公司副总经理布拉特贝尔

                       

四十年前，瑞典首都斯德哥尔摩及其周围美丽的岛屿附近水域都被未经处理的城市污水和工业污水严重污染。但是，40年后的今天，人们无论在瑞典的任何地方，都可以拧开凉水的水龙头，直接饮用凉水，每个瑞典人对此都感到很自豪，来这里开会或旅游的人们，也对此感触颇深，因为如果人们可以直接饮用自来水，就不必花巨资去买瓶装水了，这样，从总体环境效益上讲，政府和个人都省钱，同时，可以减少水运输带来的二氧化碳排放，降低温室效应，真是一举多得。然而，这是40年努力的结果。当今中国正在进行轰轰烈烈的工业化和城市化进程，是否斯德哥尔摩的经验可以提前使用到我们的实践中呢？带着这个想法，我来到斯德哥尔摩水利公司副总经理布拉特贝尔的办公室。

 

布拉特贝尔在水领域工作了35年，在斯德哥尔摩水利公司工作了23年。她对净化水的过程可以说是了如指掌，因为很多标准就是她参与制定的。

                   

                   从源头治理最有效、最省钱

说起污水治理的过程，布拉特贝尔长出一口气，仿佛记忆把她带回40年前。她说             清洁污水是一个综合治理的过程，，而且是一直进行，从不间断的过程，需要很大努力，需要从源头治理。它需要提供准确信息，培养人们的意识，进行能力建设，让所有利益相关者参与并设立有效的机构和机制。这种机构和机制在中央，地区和各个基层单位都要有。

早在上个世纪六十年代，瑞典就制定了长期的环保目标。

1969年，瑞典出台第一部环境法，同年第一个环境法庭也随之成立。政府的目标就是要把污水变成无害的纯净水。政府成立了全国环境保护理事会专门负责制定实现目标的规则。同时，各地区要制定地区环境法规和控制办法。到1990年，这些规定和办法都升格为企业和单位必须执行的行为准则了。

有了行为准则，公司必须到地方政府或环境法庭去申请处理后的污水排放许可。公司必须清楚各项要求，然后改进他们的设备，或建立污水处理厂等，以便他们能达到排放标准。然后，地方政府要及时检测结果并上报污水处理的进展情况。水利公司也要自己检测，并公开公布检测结果。

 

布拉特贝尔说，水污染的一个重要污染源就是工业。那么对工业的要求就是要他们停止排放有害物质和重金属等物质。公司企业需要排放，必须到环境法庭获得许可。同时，水利公司要和各个公司保持良好的合作关系，要和所有的工业部门进行对话，因为一个共同的目标就是不要污染，所以所有有污染源的单位都要进行对话。

 

从1970年开始，斯德哥尔摩水利公司一直有一个专门和工业污染打交道的部门。

“总之，总的目标就是降低，降低，减少，不要向外排放污染物。”布拉特贝尔用她那特有的口音，严肃而又郑重地强调了这个目标。

“因为如果各种有害物质一起混在污水里，我们就没法处理了， 这些有害物质不是残留在处理过的水里，就是流到污泥渣里了。而这两种情况都是不可以接受的，因为处理过的水要放到河湖里面，而污泥要用做农业有机肥料，因为它里面有很多营养物质，例如，有限的资源磷肥，我们需要不断地重复使用它，但如果污泥污染了，就不能用，否则土壤也被污染了。”

 

另一部分工业污水是来自雨水，雨水也需要管理和分别处理。这是一个很不容易的问题因为有时暴雨来临，水量很大。那么就需要把雨水也进行分流，没有污染的雨水可以直接进入河流，而污染的雨水，尤其是马路上有汽车行使的地方，雨水里可能带有象汞一样的有害物质，所以需要处理。如果你让它们都混杂地流到普通污水处理长，那么处理过的水也不安全，污泥渣也有毒，无法用于农业生产。你可能用其他方法来治理，但那样又增加了成本，而且可能还有别的问题。由于污水处理的过程是用细菌和生物分解污水的过程，因此，很多有机物质是可以作肥料的。但如果夹杂金属或有害物质，就无法使用。

 

因此，布拉特贝尔说， “我们的观点是，要想建立长远的可持续发展机制，你必须从源头开始治理不同的有害物质和金属，不要把它们排放到下水道或是普通污水处理厂。工业企业必须把污水处理的费用算到他们的成本里面，因为损害环境是不可接受的。你不能用有毒污染物来毁坏环境，因为环境是人类和自然的源泉，你就是不能破坏它，否则，你就再也不可能有任何纯净的水了。如果河湖里的水被工业污染物污染了，那么你就无法生产出干净的饮用水。 即使你用先进技术净化了，那种代价也实在太高。”

 

她说，另一种污染源是家庭污水。 由于各个家庭在使用工业产品，那么工业产品里边有有害物质。因此，需要不断地教受家庭如何使用或使用何种洗涤灵和清洁剂，以及如果管理家庭中的化学用品，以便减少污染。同时，我们要求工业企业改变他们的产品构成或原材料以便放入更多可以接受的、环保的物质到原材料中去。

 

关于雨水污染源的处理， 很复杂。在斯德哥尔摩的老城区，雨水和家庭污水都走同一个下水道。这样，马路上的水也是很容易污染的，所以我们要求马路上的雨水也要经过处理以后再排入河湖。

                复杂的工程 长期的努力

布拉特贝尔说，污水治理是一个庞大而复杂的工程，需要很长时间，很大努力。

“我强烈建议在城市地区建立各种大规模系统的时候，不要把所有的污染物都混在一起，因为混了没法处理，即使处理了，代价也非常大， 因此，切记要在源头处理，不要混杂排放。普通污水处理厂只是处理可降解的有机物质，磷和氮，但不是用来处理金属或是有害物质的。 这种不可降解的物质将流到水里和污泥里，长此以往，它们就污染土地，或者让鱼吃了，鱼也被毒死了。然后，污染还会向自然界蔓延。向整个生态系统蔓延。这是斯德哥尔摩坚持的原则。当然，我们还是没有找到理想的解决办法。但和30年前相比，情况好多了。污水处理后的污泥渣非常好，我们现在都用它来做肥料。”

 

             有好的水源，就有可直接饮用的自来水

布拉特贝尔说，要想有纯净水喝，前提是要有好的源水，水源没有被工业污染破坏，就可以生产出安全引用水。这就意味着，你不能接受工业或社区任意排放。“这是非常重要的一步。当然，从污水里也可以经过处理得到饮用水，但是，那样会非常昂贵，成本非常高，而且你需要很高的技术，我不建议你们那样做。”

             培养公众意识，年年搞大型宣传活动

布拉特贝尔说，“我们每年都搞大型宣传活动来提高人们关于水的重要性的意识，告诉人们要节约用水，同时要合理使用你的厨房和厕所用水。厕所的水就是用来冲厕所的，淋浴就是用来淋浴的，厨房的水就是用来淘米洗菜刷碗的，而不是用于其他目的，因此，要杜绝往马桶里倒油水，药水或其他化学制剂。因为油污可以使水管堵塞，所以，不要把油倒到水池，要分开。例如在饭店附近，我们就提供一个专门储存脂肪的罐子，到一定时期，罐子满了，由饭店的人负责把它倒到应该倒的地方。同时，我们现在的技术可以把厨房的脂肪和其他有机物一起发酵并将其转化为热能或提纯变成汽车的燃料。”

           金钱买不了自由

当记者问到是否有些公司非法排污，布拉特贝尔说，过去有很多惩处的案例，有些公司轻则罚款，重则负责人入狱。但是，今天这样的坏公司几乎没有了。案例也没那么多了。

“在这里你用金钱买不了自由。你不能说我交罚款就可以继续排污。严重的时候，你可以被判入狱。如果你负责一个工厂，而你不把污染问题当成一件很重要的事情来抓，那你就会面临罚款或是进监狱。”                污水处理与节能降耗相结合

布拉特贝尔说，污水治理和防治是一个不断进行的过程，因为总是有新人。我们在学校也开展了环境教育的课程，孩子们很聪明，他们可以在这方面教育家长。

 

我们花了20多年的时间把河水变清，但是如果你工作很努力，10年之间就可以看到很大变化。我们是一步一步地进行的，每一个步骤我们都看到一些进步，所以我们一直保有信心。

 “在治理水污染的过程中，我们也意识到能源是有限的资源，所以我们必须降低能源消耗使我们的治污能耗降到最低，因此，我们把污泥中的有机物质和生物物质一起发酵，在这个过程中产生沼气，沼气经过加工提纯，可以变成汽车的燃料。经过环境影响评价以后，我们发现还是把生物燃料卖给汽车公司对环境更有好处，于是，我们自己还是使用电力来进行污水处理，但是，在这个过程中，我们可以解决热能问题，并向汽车公司输送生物燃料。” 布拉特贝尔最后说。（人民网驻斯德哥尔摩记者陈雪霏） 

I agree with the James Savage on why Swedish election matters in the world.

Sweden is considered the best socialist country in the world. The other one, I would say is New Zealand. But they both have a small population. Sweden has 9 million while New Zealand only has 4 million. When New Zealand held its election in 2005, the right wing was also very agressive and aroused great support among the white people. But in the end, it was still the central left labour party led by Helen Clark won the election. I think Helen Clark herself is very good, at the critical time, let her minister go, and do the right thing.

Although many people complain that the high welfare raises a lot of lazy people, they think still more people need special care in the country.

Similar in Sweden, the welfare and tax policy make a lot of people choose not to work because if they work, the benefit will be similar to not work. Then what's the incentive for people to work?

People's ethics are eroded more and more by the globalization trend.

But it's obvious that if the party is pure right wing, they will not win either. Only when it approaches to central or even a bit left-right, then, it will be really moderate. While Social Democratic Party is quite left, the Moderate Party is actually a bit central and together with center and people, it indeed gains great momentum.

But if Social Democratic Party loses, it will be a chilly blow to the socialist front in the world which sees Sweden as a great model of high tax, high welfare and high growth.

 

I agree with the James Savage on why Swedish election matters in the world.

Sweden is considered the best socialist country in the world. The other one, I would say is New Zealand. But they both have a small population. Sweden has 9 million while New Zealand only has 4 million. When New Zealand held its election in 2005, the right wing was also very agressive and aroused great support among the white people. But in the end, it was still the central left labour party led by Helen Clark won the election. I think Helen Clark herself is very good, at the critical time, let her minister go, and do the right thing.

Although many people complain that the high welfare raises a lot of lazy people, they think still more people need special care in the country.

Similar in Sweden, the welfare and tax policy make a lot of people choose not to work because if they work, the benefit will be similar to not work. Then what's the incentive for people to work?

People's ethics are eroded more and more by the globalization trend.

But it's obvious that if the party is pure right wing, they will not win either. Only when it approaches to central or even a bit left-right, then, it will be really moderate. While Social Democratic Party is quite left, the Moderate Party is actually a bit central and together with center and people, it indeed gains great momentum.

But if Social Democratic Party loses, it will be a chilly blow to the socialist front in the world which sees Sweden as a great model of high tax, high welfare and high growth.

 

消除污染, 消除污染, 还我蓝天,

消除污染,消除污染,还我蓝天,

一是不要排放,一是还要治理,

政策要跟上, 政策要跟上.

消除污染, 消除污染,还我清水

消除污染,消除污染,还我清水,

一是要节约, 一个是要处理

意识不放松,意识不放松.

消除污染,消除污染, 人人有责

消除污染,消除污染,人人有责

垃圾回收, 重复使用 不浪费

垃圾回收, 重复使用 不浪费.

消除污染,消除污染, 不开车, 不开车

夏季不用空调, 冬季少烧暖气 多节能.

 

Polls opened at 8:00am in Sweden for general elections.

It causes people's more attention to this year's election because the ruling government Social Democratic Pary and the alliance composed of the other four parties including the Moderate party, Central Party, People's Party and Krist Democratic Party.

The two's supports are so close that it is not easy to predict which will win the election.

The Alliance said they will try to create more jobs by lowing tax for small business. As the unemployment in Sweden is about 10% and many people rely on pension, many voters turn to Alliance.

But it is still hard to predict.

Goran Persson, prime minister and the president of Social Democratic Party says he is still working hard to win because opinion polls are usually wrong.

The polls will close at 8pm and the final result will be out right after midnight, but if the vote is too close, people will have to wait untill Wednesday when all the votes abroad arrives.

Published: 17th September 2006 10:55 CET
Online: http://www.thelocal.se/article.php?ID=4925

Foreign policy has been notable by its absence in this election campaign. But a defeat for the Social Democrats on Sunday would send a chill wind through the ranks of Europe's socialists, argues James Savage.

Asked by a Canadian journalist on Friday why Sweden's election matters to the rest of the world, for a moment I was flummoxed.

After all, a win for the Right on Sunday should be a matter of utter indifference not only for North Americans, but even for Sweden's European neighbours.

Nato membership certainly becomes more likely with an Alliance victory, but no new government is likely to push this policy anywhere near the top of the agenda. Indeed, foreign policy has been notable by its absence in the recent campaign, with opposition leader Fredrik Reinfeldt saying that his foreign policy won't be very different from that of Göran Persson.

But if this election has any impact outside Sweden's borders, it will be because a defeat for the Social Democrats will be a major blow to the morale of Europe's Left.

"Europe is pining for the Swedish model as it did in the 1930s and again in the 1970s. It's Sweden as object of desire: the way forward for European economies seeking to be both socialist and competitive in a free-market world," wrote Newsweek in January.

Indeed, Stockholm welcomes a steady stream of left-wing politicians from other European countries. They want to see how Sweden manages to combine high taxes, high welfare and high growth.

This is particularly true in Britain. As left-wing commentator Polly Toynbee pointed out in the Guardian last year, "this is a contest Labour is watching closely. Young Labour ministers have close connections with the Persson government, as they ponder how a long-serving government renews and refreshes itself in office."

Indeed, Toynbee went further, calling Sweden "the most successful society the world has ever known."

Ironically, Britain's (new) Labour Party is probably closer in terms of policy to the New Moderates than it is to the Social Democrats, who have a far more left-wing profile than their British counterparts. But this doesn't reduce the impact on morale that an Alliance victory would have on the British Left. A Social Democrat victory would keep the Left's dream alive.

A victory for the Alliance would also be a victory for Europe's new soft Right, embodied by German chancellor Angela Merkel and Britain's Conservative leader David Cameron.

Just as Reinfeldt has moved his party to the left, conservative parties facing left-wing incumbents across Europe are looking to capture the centre ground and are presenting themselves as the fresh, modern alternative. One of Reinfeldt's only visible foreign policy moves in this campaign has been a visit to Chancellor Merkel in Berlin - a clear move to position himself in the ranks of Europe's Right.

But the Swedish Moderate Party is less important for the European Right than the Social Democratic Party is for the European Left. The latter's total dominance of Swedish politics and society has given it almost totemic importance. Defeat for Persson on Sunday will send a chill wind through the ranks of Europe's socialist parties.

 

James Savage